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- $Unique_ID{BRK03550}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Bullous Pemphigoid}
- $Subject{Bullous Pemphigoid Pemphigoid Old Age Pemphigus Parapemphigus Senile
- Dermatitis Herpetiformis Benign Pemphigus Pemphigus Erythema Multiforme
- Pemphigoid, Benign Mucosal Dermatitis Herpetiformis Epidermolytic
- Hyperkeratosis Epidermolysis Bullosa Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1988, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 54:
- Bullous Pemphigoid
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Bullous Pemphigoid) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Pemphigoid
- Old Age Pemphigus
- Parapemphigus
- Senile Dermatitis Herpetiformis
- Benign Pemphigus
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Pemphigus
- Erythema Multiforme
- Pemphigoid, Benign Mucosal
- Dermatitis Herpetiformis
- Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis
- Epidermolysis Bullosa
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Bullous Pemphigoid is a rare, chronic skin disorder characterized by
- blistering. This disorder occurs most frequently in elderly people.
- Generalized blistering occurs in and under the upper layers of the skin and
- usually subsides spontaneously within several months or years. However,
- symptoms may recur. In some rare cases of Bullous Pemphigoid, complications
- such as pneumonia may develop.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The first symptom of Bullous Pemphigoid is usually redness of the skin
- surrounding a lesion, scar, and/or the navel. Within weeks, thin walled
- blisters with clear fluid centers (bullae) appear on the under surfaces of
- the arms and legs (flexor surfaces), in the armpits (axillae), on the
- abdomen, and/or around the groin. Bullous Pemphigoid usually does not affect
- the ears or the mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth. When
- these areas are affected, they generally heal rapidly. The blisters are
- usually large and rigid, and contain clear or blood-tinged fluid; they do not
- rupture easily. If the blisters do rupture, pain may occur but healing is
- usually rapid.
-
- Other symptoms of Bullous Pemphigoid may include an elevation of white
- blood cell count (detected by laboratory test), but the patient is not likely
- to have a fever. A test in which a fluorescent dye is used to stain
- antibodies (immunofluorescent microscopic examination) may reveal blisters
- under the top layers of skin and the binding of IgG antibodies to the bottom
- layers of the skin membranes. When fluid in the blisters (serum) is
- analysed, it contains these antibodies in approximately 70 percent of the
- people with Bullous Pemphigoid. The importance of the antibody testing
- (titres) in relation to the severity of the symptoms is unknown; tests that
- measure antibody activity do not seem to reflect disease activity and/or
- severity of symptoms. After a few months, the symptoms of Bullous Pemphigoid
- often disappear spontaneously, but they may recur for no apparent reason.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Bullous Pemphigoid is not known although it has been
- suggested that may be an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders are
- caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies, lymphocytes, etc.)
- against invading organisms, suddenly begin to attack perfectly healthy
- tissue.
-
- Certain drug reactions can produce skin lesions that are very similar to
- those of Bullous Pemphigoid. It is important to determine whether side
- effects of pharmaceuticals may be causing the patient's symptoms, or whether
- the blisters are caused by Bullous Pemphigoid.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Bullous Pemphigoid is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal
- numbers. This disorder primarily affect the elderly.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Bullous
- Pemphigoid. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune skin disorders characterized by
- the development of blisters in the outer layers of the skin (epidermis) and
- mucous membranes (thin moist layers that line the body's internal surfaces).
- The location and type of blister may vary according to the type of Pemphigus.
- If left untreated, Pemphigus can be a serious illness. Symptoms of this
- disorder include the appearance of soft blisters in the outer layers of the
- skin especially on the neck, scalp, mucous membranes, and/or the underarm and
- groin areas. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Pemphigus" as
- your search term on the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Erythema Multiforme is an allergic inflammatory skin disorder
- characterized by lesions that develop on the skin and/or mucous membranes.
- The early symptoms of this disorder may include red, elevated spots
- (erythematous macules or papules) on the skin that may have fluid filled
- centers and eventually grow into larger blisters. Affected areas generally
- include the hands, forearms, feet, and/or mucous membranes of the mouth,
- nose, and/or genitals. The skin lesions and blisters caused by Erythema
- Multiforme generally appear on both sides of the body and tend to heal in
- approximately 2 to 6 weeks. Erythema Multiforme may also cause fever, joint
- pain, cough, and a sore throat. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Erythema Multiforme" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid is a rare chronic disease characterized by
- blistering and scarring of the mucous membranes particularly in the mouth and
- membranes that surround the eyes (conjunctiva). Initial symptoms include
- redness and inflammation of these areas and scarring may occur on the
- membranes of the eyes. Blisters may also develop in the mucous membranes of
- the pharynx, esophagus, nose, urethra and/or vulva. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid" as your search term on the
- Rare Disease Database.
-
- Dermatitis Herpetiformis is a rare chronic skin disorder that is
- characterized by groups of severely itching blisters and elevated lesions.
- This disorder is often associated with a sensitivity to foods that contain
- gluten (gluten-sensitive enteropathy). The onset of Dermatitis Herpetiformis
- is generally slow in adults; children may also be affected. Small, discrete
- blisters and itchy smooth skin lesions that look like hives appear on the
- head, elbows, knees, lower back, and/or buttocks. Itching and burning may be
- almost intolerable, and the need to scratch may be overwhelming. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Dermatitis Herpetiformis" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (bullous type) is a rare hereditary skin
- disorder characterized by the overgrowth of skin (hyperkeratosis) and
- abnormal redness of the skin (erythroderma). The symptoms of this disorder
- are present at birth and may range from mild to severe. The skin may appear
- to have warts or blisters, and to be thick over most of the body,
- particularly in the skin creases over joints. Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis
- can be detected before birth by amniocentesis (microscopic examination of the
- fluid that surrounds the developing fetus). (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Epidermolysis Bullosa refers to a group of rare skin diseases
- characterized by fragile skin, blisters, and small fluid-filled lesions that
- develop following minor trauma to the skin. The mucous membranes are also
- involved in some forms of Epidermolysis Bullosa. Healing may be impaired.
- Blisters may leave multiple scars and/or damage the underlying muscle tissue.
- Most types of Epidermolysis Bullosa are inherited, and they usually first
- appear during childhood. (For more information on these disorders, choose
- "Epidermolysis Bullosa" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista is a rare autoimmune disorder of the skin
- that typically affects middle-aged and elderly people. Trauma to the skin
- can cause blisters on the elbows, knees, pelvis, buttocks, and/or scalp.
- Increased levels of IgG (an immunoglobulin) are usually found around the
- blisters. After the blisters heal, scars usually remain. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Corticosteroid drugs are given to people with Bullous Pemphigoid to help
- reduce the number of blisters. The dosage of these immune suppressant drugs
- is lower for people with Bullous Pemphigoid than the dosage prescribed to
- treat Pemphigus. Corticosteroid drugs (usually prednisone) can be
- discontinued in approximately 50 percent of cases of Bullous Pemphigoid
- because the patients eventually go into remission. The remainder of patients
- may require maintenance therapy. Because many people with Bullous Pemphigoid
- are elderly, decisions about whether to treat with drugs that alter the
- immune system (such as corticosteroids) must be individualized because it may
- make fragile patients more susceptible to infections.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine and methotrexate, have been used
- on an experimental basis in combination with corticosteroid drugs to treat
- Bullous Pemphigoid.
-
- Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may be of potential benefit for treating a
- number of autoimmune skin diseases including Pemphigus, Bullous Pemphigoid,
- Posterior Uveitis, and Behcet's Syndrome. However, careful monitoring by a
- physician of people taking cyclosporine is necessary to guard against
- possible toxic side effects. Relapses of Bullous Pemphigoid can occur when
- the drug therapy is stopped. More research is needed before cyclosporine can
- be recommended as a treatment for all but the most severe cases of Bullous
- Pemphigoid.
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study possible new therapies for Bullous
- Pemphigoid. Interested persons may wish to have their physician contact:
-
- W.R. Gammon, M.D.
- Dept. of Dermatology
- University of North Carolina
- 137 NC Memorial Hospital
- Chapel Hill, NC 27514
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Bullous Pemphigoid, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- References
-
- TEXTBOOK OF DERMATOLOGY, Vol II, 3rd ed. A. Rook et al.; Oxford and
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1979.
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor:
- Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 171.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2282, 2309.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 16th Ed.: Robert Berkow Ed.; Merck Research
- Laboratories, 1992. Pp. 2444.
-
- CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V.
- Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 415-416.
-
- MECHANISM OF LESION PRODUCTION IN PEMPHIGUS AND PEMPHIGOID. William Sams
- Jr.; J Am Acad Dermatol (April 1982;(4 part 1)): Pp. 431-52.
-
- AZATHIOPRINE IN DERMATOLOGY. I.R. Younger; J Am Acad Dermatol (Aug 1991;
- 25(2 Pt 1)): Pp. 281-286.
-
- BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID. N. Korman; J Am Acad Dermatol (May 1987; 16(5.1)).
- Pp. 907-924.
-
- BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID AND CICATRICIAL PEMPHIGOID. G.J. Anhalt; J Autoimmun
- (Feb 1991; 4(1)). Pp. 17-35.
-
-